Halloween Night Wallpaper 1600X1200

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Halloween (a shortening of All Hallows" Evening),^[5] also known as Hallowe'en or All Hallows' Eve,^[6] is a yearly holiday observed around the world on October 31, the night before All Saints' Day. Unlike Day of the Dead celebrations, the Christian feast of All Hallows' Eve, according to some scholars, incorporates traditions from pagan harvest festivals and festivals honouring the dead, particularly the Celtic Samhain;^[6][7][8] other scholars maintain that the feast originated entirely independently of Samhain.^[9] Typical festive Halloween activities include trick-or-treating (also known as "guising"), attending costume parties, carving jack-o'-lanterns, lighting bonfires, apple bobbing, visiting haunted attractions, playing pranks, telling scary stories, watching horror films, as well as the religious observances of praying, fasting and attending vigils or church services.^[1][2][3][4]

The word Halloween was first used in the 16th century and represents a Scottish variant of the fuller All-Hallows'-Even ("evening"), that is, the night before All Hallows' Day.^[10] Although the phrase All Hallows' is found in Old English (ealra h"lgena mæssedæg, mass-day of all saints), All-Hallows-Even is itself not seen until 1556.^[10]

The Halloween holiday is commonly thought to have pagan roots, even though the etymology of the word is Christian.^[11] Historian Nicholas Rogers, exploring the origins of Halloween, notes that while "some folklorists have detected its origins in the Roman feast of Pomona, the goddess of fruits and seeds, or in the festival of the dead called Parentalia, it is more typically linked to the Celtic festival of Samhain, derived from the Old Irish Samuin meaning "summer's end".^[11] Samhain was the first and the most important of the four quarter days in the medieval Irish and Scottish^[12] calendar^[13][14] and, falling on the last day of autumn, it was a time for stock-taking and preparation for the cold winter months ahead.^[11] There was also a sense that this was the time of year when the physical and supernatural worlds were closest and magical things could happen.^[13][14] To ward off these spirits, the Gaels built huge, symbolically regenerative bonfires and invoked the help of the gods through animal and perhaps even human sacrifice.^[11] In the Western Isles of Scotland the Sluagh, or fairy host was regarded as composed of the souls of the dead flying through the air, and the feast of the dead at Hallowe'en was likewise the festival of the fairies.^[15]

Halloween is also thought to have been heavily influenced by the Christian holy days of All Saints' Day (also known as Hallowmas, All Hallows, and Hallowtide) and All Souls' Day.^[16] Falling on November 1 and 2 respectively, collectively they were a time for honoring the saints and praying for the recently departed who had yet to reach heaven. By the end of the 12th century they had become holy days of obligation across Europe and involved such traditions as ringing bells for the souls in purgatory and "souling", the custom of baking bread or soul cakes for "all crysten christened souls".^[17] It was traditionally believed that the souls of the departed wandered the earth until All Saints' Day, and All Hallows' Eve provided one last chance for the dead to gain vengeance on their enemies before moving onto the next world.^[18] To avoid being recognised by a soul, Christians would wear masks and costumes to disguise themselves, following the lighted candles set by others to guide their travel for worship the next day.^[18] Today, this practice has been perpetuated through children guising (trick or treating).^[18]

In Britain the rituals of Hallowtide and Halloween came under attack during the Reformation as Protestants denounced purgatory as a "popish" doctrine incompatible with the notion of predestination.^[16] In addition the increasing popularity of Guy Fawkes Night (5 November) from 1605 on saw Halloween become eclipsed in Britain with the notable exception of Scotland.^[19] There and in Ireland, they had been celebrating Samhain and Halloween since the early Middle Ages,^[12] and the kirk took a more pragmatic approach towards Halloween, viewing it as important to the life cycle and rites of passage of local communities and thus ensuring its survival in the country.^[19] North American almanacs of the late 18th and early 19th century give no indication that Halloween was recognized as a holiday.^[20] The Puritans of New England, for example, maintained strong opposition to the holiday^[20] and it was not until the mass Irish and Scottish immigration during the 19th century that the holiday was introduced to the continent in earnest.^[20] Initially confined to the immigrant communities during the mid-19th century, it was gradually assimilated into mainstream society and by the first decade of the 20th century it was being celebrated coast to coast by people of all social, racial and religious backgrounds.^[21]

Development of artifacts and symbols associated with Halloween formed over time. For instance, the carving of jack-o'-lanterns springs from the Christian souling custom of carving turnips into lanterns as a way of remembering the souls held in purgatory.^[22] The turnip has traditionally been used in Ireland and Scotland at Halloween,^[23][24] but immigrants to North America used the native pumpkin, which is both much softer and much larger " making it easier to carve than a turnip.^[23] Subsequently, the mass marketing of various size pumpkins in autumn, in both the corporate and local markets, has made pumpkins universally available for this purpose. The American tradition of carving pumpkins is recorded in 1837^[25] and was originally associated with harvest time in general, not becoming specifically associated with Halloween until the mid-to-late 19th century.^[26]

The imagery of Halloween is derived from many sources, including national customs, works of Gothic and horror literature (such as the novels Frankenstein and Dracula) and classic horror films (such as Frankenstein and The Mummy).^[27] Among one of the earliest works on the subject of Halloween is from Scottish poet John Mayne, who, in 1780, made note of pranks at Halloween; "What fearfu' pranks ensue!", as well as the supernatural associated with the night, "Bogies" (ghosts), influencing Robert Burns' Halloween 1785.^[28] Elements of the autumn season, such as pumpkins, corn husks and scarecrows, are also prevalent. Homes are often decorated with these types of symbols around Halloween.

Source: Wikipedia